Nouns
‘A word used to identify any class of people, places or things’ (naming word)
Common:
concrete
and abstract.
Preceded
by the word ‘the’
Concrete:
something
we can see, hear, smell, taste and touch.
Abstract:
concept
or idea
Proper:
unique
individuals, events or places
Collective:
group
of things/people
Noun phrases
Whenever you modify a noun this
becomes a noun phrase.
Plane crash
A horrific plane crash!
The most horrific plane crash!
How
do nouns make a difference to a piece of writing?
-Lexical
cohesion
-Paint
a picture/describe
-Create
an emotional response
Adjectives
Words or phrases that modify or
describe nouns or pronouns.
-Describing
words
-Function:
evaluative, emotive, descriptive
-Comparative
and superlative (exaggerate)
Verbs
Base
form of verbs: (main and auxiliary)
Infinitive (to sing, to think)
Main:
(action
taking place: sing, jump, gave)
Auxiliary:
primary and modal(give
extra info about main verb – can affect meaning)
Primary:
(do,
have and be)
Modal:
deontic and epistemic (can, could, will, would, must, may,
might, shall, should)
Imperative:
command
Verb phrases: built
around a head word (main verb) and modal auxiliaries can be placed along a
continuum to show degrees of strength towards commitment.
Present
tense: base
form and ‘s’ inflection (sings)
Past
tense: base
form and ‘ed’
inflection (jumped) (sing=sang)
Future
tense: modal
auxiliary: will or shall + base form (will sing)
‘ing’ can be used for all three.
Active and passive voice
‘Ahmed kicked the ball’
(focus is on Ahmed) = Active
‘The ball was kicked by Ahmed’ (focus
has changed) = passive
Active:
-Actor/agency responsible for carrying out the verb phrase
is placed in subject position (usually at the start)
Passive:
- Don’t know the subject
-Don’t
want to talk about the subject
-Subject
not the focus
Clauses and Voice
If you modify a verb, you create a
verb
phrase. = adverb/auxiliary
verb
Clauses:
words
from phrases, phrases
form large structure called clauses.
Includes:
subject,
verb, object.
Coordinated
clauses: two
clauses
joined together by using a
conjunction (and, but, furthermore,
etc)
Must make sense on their own if you
remove the conjunction.
Subordinate
clause: Main
clause
followed by phrases that only make
sense when linked to the main clause
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